Shang-De Luo

Professor

REFERRED PAPERS\
1. Shi W., Luo S., Huang Y. (1985). Separation of uranium and thorium and age determination of carbonate geological samples. Journal of Xiamen University (Natural Science) 24, 474-48 (in Chinese).
2. Luo S., Chen Z., Shi W., Huang Y.(1986). Anion exchange separation and determination of uranium and thorium in oceanic samples. Journal of Xiamen University (Natural Science) 25, 492-495 (in Chinese).
3. Luo S., Shi W., Chen Z., Huang Y. (1986). Single-column ion exchange separation of uranium and thorium for radiochemical studies of manganese nodules. Journal of Oceanography (Haiyang Xuebao) 8, 324-330 (in Chinese).
4. Huang Y., Luo S., Shi W., Chen Z. (1987). Radiochemical studies on deep-sea manganese nodules. Journal of Oceanography (Haiyang Xuebao) 9, 36-44 (in Chinese).
5. Luo S., Shi W., Chen Z., Huang Y. (1987). A new method for separation and determination of U and Th in deep-sea manganese nodules. Acta Oceanologica Sinica 6, 87-93.
6. Luo S., Wang L., Huang Y. (1987). Growth rate and chemical composition of manganese nodules. In: Proceedings of Conference on Marine Science and Technology, vol. 3, Ocean Press Beijing, pp. 795-805 (in Chinese).
7. Zou H., Zeng X., Yao J., Huang Y., Luo S. (1988). U-series determination of sedimentation rates of northern Central Pacific sediments. Bulletin of Oceanography (Haiyang Tongbao) 7, 62-67 (in Chinese).
8. Luo S., Wang L., Huang Y. (1989). Depth distribution of elements in deep-sea manganese nodules. Journal of Oceanography (Haiyang Xuebao) 11, 42-48 (in Chinese).
9. Luo S., Wang L., Huang Y. (1989). Relationship of growth rate of manganese nodules with sedimentary environments. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica 7, 77-84 (in Chinese).
10. Huang Y., Luo S., Shi W., Chen Z. (1989). Radiochemical studies of deep-sea manganese nodules. Acta Oceanologica Sinica 8, 253-261.
11. Wang L., Luo S., Lin T., Shi W., Huang Y. (1989). Selective-leaching studies of manganese nodules. Journal of Xiamen University (Natural Science) 28, 297-300 (in Chinese).
12. Ku T. L., Ivanovich M., Luo S. (1990). U-series dating of last interglacial high sea stands: Barbados revisited. Quat. Res. 33, 129-147.
13. Luo S., Ku T. L. (1991). U-series isochron dating: A generalized method employing total sample dissolution. Geochim Cosmochim. Acta 55, 555-564.
14. Ku T. L., Luo S., Leslie B. W., Hammond D. E. (1992). Decay-series disequilibrium applied to the study of rock-water interaction and geothermal systems. In: Uranium-Series Disequilibrium: Application to Environmental Problems, 2nd edition, M. Ivanovich and R. S. Harmon, eds., pp. 632 - 668 Oxford Univ. Press.
15. Ku T. L., Luo S. (1992). Carbon isotopic variation on glacial - interglacial time scales in the ocean: Modeling and implications. Paleoceanography 7, 543-562.
16. Huh C.-A., Ku T. L., Luo S., Landry M. R., Williams P. S. (1993). Fluxes of Th isotopes in the Santa Monica Basin, offshore California. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 116, 155-164.
17. Phillips F. M., Zreda M. G., Ku T. L., Luo S., Huang Q., Elmore D., Kubik P. W., Sharma P. (1993). 230Th/234U and 36Cl dating of evaporite deposits from the western Qaidam Basin, China: Implications for glacial period aridity. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 105, 1606-1616.
18. Ku T. L., Luo S. (1994). New appraisal of 226Ra as large-scale circulation tracer: A 2-D diffusion-advection model. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 10,255-10,273.
19. Kaufman A., Ku T. L., Luo S. (1995). The validity of carnotite ages as shown by the concordance between their 231Pa/235U and 230Th/234U ratios. Chem. Geol. 120, 175-181.
20. Luo S., Ku T. L., Kusakabe M., Bishop J. K. B., Yang Y. L. (1995). Tracing particle cycling in the upper ocean with 230Th and 228Th X An investigation in the equatorial Pacific along 140 XW. Deep-Sea Res. 42, 805-829.
21. Ku T. L., Luo S., Kusakabe M., Bishop J. K. B. (1995). 228Ra-derived nutrient budgets in the upper equatorial Pacific and role of "new silicate in limiting productivity. Deep-Sea Res. 42, 479-497.
22. Ku T. L., Wang L., Luo S., Southon J. R. (1995). 26Al in sea water and 26Al/10Be as paleo-flux tracer. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 2163-2166.
23. Wang L., Ku T. L., Luo S., Southon J. R., Kusakabe M. (1996). 26Al - 10Be systematics in deep-sea sediments. Geochim Cosmochim. Acta 60, 109-119.
24. Measures C. I., Ku T. L., Luo S., Southon J. R., Xu X., Kusakabe M. (1996). The distribution of 10Be and 9Be in the South Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. 43, 987-1009.
25. Li J., Lowenstein T. K., Brown C. B., Ku T. L., Luo S. (1996). A 100 ka record of water tables and paleoclimates from the salt cores, Death Valley, California. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 123, 179-203.
26. Godfrey L. V., Lowenstein T. K., Li J., Luo S., Ku T. L., Alonso R. N., Jordan T. E. (1997). Registro continuo del Pleistocene tardio basado en un testigo en halita del Salar de Hombre Muerto, Argentina. VIII Congreso Geologico Chileno, vol. 1, 332-336.
27. Ku T. L., Luo S., Leslie B. W., Hammond D. E. (1998). Assessing in-situ radionuclide migration from natural analog studies: response to McKinley and Alexander (1996). Radiochim. Acta 80, 219-223.
28. Ku T. L., Luo S., Lowenstein T. K., Li J., Spencer R. J. (1998). U-series chronology of lacustrine deposits in Death Valley, California. Quart. Res. 50, 261-275.
29. Lowenstein T. K., Li J., Brown C., Robert S. M., Ku T. L., Luo S., Yang W. (1998). 200,000 Year Paleoclimate Record from Death Valley Salt Core. Geology 27, 3-6.
30. Luo S., Ku T. L. (1999). Oceanic 231Pa/230Th ratio influenced by particle composition and remineralization. Earth Planetary Science Letter 167, 183-195.
31. Luo S., Ku T. L., Roback R., Murrell M., McLing T. (2000). Decay-Series Disequilibrium Study of In-Situ, Long-Term Radionuclide Transport in Water-Rock Systems. In: Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XXIII, Materials Research Society. Symposium Proceedings, vol. 608, p. 217-223, Materials Research Society.
32. Luo S., Ku T. L., Roback R., Murrell M., McLing T. (2000). In-situ radionuclide transport and preferential groundwater flows at INEEL (Idaho): decay-series disequilibrium studies. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 64, 867-881.
33. Luo S., Ku T. L., Wang L, Southon J. R. Lund S. P., Schwartz M. (2001). 26Al, 10Be and U-Th isotopes in Blake Outer Ridge sediments: implications for past changes in boundary scavenging. Earth Planetary Science Letter 185, 135-147.
34. Zhu Z., Ku T. L., Luo S., Zhou H., Wen Q., Li S., Li, B. and Li. H. (2001). Age dating of lacustrine sediments in Lake Tianshuihai of the Tebitan Plateau by using U-series isochron method and its significance. Chinese Science Bulletin 46, 862-866.
35. Zhu Z., Ku T. L., Luo S., Zhou H., Wen Q., Li S., Li, B. and Li. H. (2001). Age dating of lacustrine sediments in Lake Tianshuihai of the Tebitan Plateau by using U-series isochron method and its significance. Kexue Tongbao 46, 163-167 (in Chinese).
36. Roback R. C., Murrell M. T., Luo S., Ku T. L., Johnson T. M, McLing T. (2001). Groundwater evolution and preferential flow pathways in Snake River Plain Aquifer in the Vicinity of the INEEL: Constraints from 234U/238U Isotope Ratios. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 113,1133-1141.
37. Bobst A. L., Lowenstein T. K., Hein M. C., Godfrey L. V., Jordan T. E., Ku T. L., Luo S. (2001). A 106 ka paleoclimate record from the Salar de Atacama, northern Chile. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 173, 21-42.
38. Cai Yihua, Luo Shangde, Huang Yipu, Chen Min (2002). The proxy of seabed tectonic process: CaCO3/Fe2O3 and MgCO3/Fe2O3 ratios in polymetallic nodules. Journal of Xiamen University (Natural Science) (in Chinese), 41(2): 225-230.
39. Peng J., Zeng E., Ku T. L., Luo S (2003). Sediment Resuspension in San Diego Bay and Its Significance to Redistribution and Dilution of Particle-Reactive Contaminants, In: Southern California Coastal Water Research Project (SCCWRP) 2001-02 Annual Report. pp. 101-109.
40. Peng J., Luo S., Ku T. L., Zeng Y., (2003), Particle scavenging and tital exchange in San Diego Bay, California and their significance to redistribution and dilution of particle-reactive contaminants. In: proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Contaminated Sediments: Characterization, Evaluation, Mitigation/Restoration, Management and Performance, (in press), Quebec, Canada
41. Lowenstein T. K., Hein M. C., Bobst A. L., Jordan T. E., Ku T. L., Luo S. (2003). An assessment of stratigraphic completeness in climate-sensitive closed-basin lake sediments: Salar de Atacama, Chile. J. Sedimentary Research 73, 91-104.
42. Lowenstein T. K., Godfrey L. V., Li J., Jordan T. E., Luo S., Ku T. L., Alonso R. N. (2003). 80 ka paleoclimate record from the arid Andes, Salar de Hombre Muerto, Argentina. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology (in press).
43. Morgenstein M. E., Luo S., Ku T. L. (2003). Uranium series weathering rind dating of volcanic lithic artifacts. Archaeomerty 45, 503-518.
44. Luo S., Ku T. L. (2003) Deep-water formation constrained from oceanic distribution of 10Be. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, 3137-3143.
45. Luo S. and Ku, T. L.(2004): On the importance of opal, carbonate, and lithogenic calys in scavenging and fractionating 230Th, 231Pa, and 10Be in the ocean. Earth Planetary Science Letter 220, 201-211.
46. Luo S. and Ku, T. L.(2004): Reply to comment on On the importance of opal, carbonate, and lithogenic calys in scavenging and fractionating 230Th, 231Pa, and 10Be in the ocean. Earth Planetary Science Letter 220, 223-229.
47. Fritz S. C., Baker P. A., Lowenstein T. K., Seltzer G. O., Regsby C. A., Dwyer G. S., Tapia P. M., Arnold K. K., Ku T. L., Luo S. (2004). Hydrologic variation during the last 170,000 years in the South America Tropics. Quaternary Research 61, 95-104.

CONFERENCE PAPERS\
1. Shi W., Luo S., Huang Y. (1984). U-series analyses of standard samples for laboratory intercomparison. Symposium on U-series Standards, Petrology and Geochemistry Society of China, Guanzhou, China.
2. Luo S., Shi W., Huang Y.(1985). Analyses on uranium and thorium isotopes in oceanic samples; Application of U-series radiochemical analyses to geochronology. Symposium on Analytical Chemistry of Natural Radioelements, Nuclear- and Radiochemistry Society of China, Qingdao, China.
3. Luo S., Huang Y., Shi W. (1986). Radiochemical studies on deep-sea manganese nodules. International Conference on Nuclear and Radiochemistry, Nuclear Society and Chemical Society of China, Beijing.
4. Luo S., Ku T. L. (1991). Inner-shelf sedimentation off San Onofre, California: Radionuclide studies. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, San Diego.
5. Ku T. L., Niitsuma N., Luo S. (1991). Carbon isotopic variations in the ocean during the last million years and their paleoceanographic implications. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, San Diego.
6. Luo S., Ku T. L., Kusakabe M., Bishop J. K. B., Yang Y. L., Wang L. (1992). Thorium isotopes and particle dynamics in Equatorial Pacific along 140 XW. EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 73, p. 295, San Francisco.
7. Ku T. L., Luo S. (1992). New appraisal of 226Ra as an oceanic tracer: Indian Ocean GEOSECS data. EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 73, p. 270, San Francisco.
8. Phillips F. M., Zreda M. G., Ku T. L., Luo S., Huang Q., Elmore D., Kubik P. W. (1992). Isotopic clues to water balances and glacial-period dust export from central Asia. EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 73, 170, San Francisco.
9. Luo S., Ku T. L. (1993). Thorium isotope data of the EqPac survey cruises and their implication for particle fluxes. JGOFS EqPac data workshop, Seattle, July, 1993.
10. Wang L, Ku T. L., Luo S., Southon J. R., Kusakabe M.(1994). Cosmogenic 26Al and 10Be in the ocean. EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 75, p. 42, San Diego.
11. Ku T. L., Luo S., Kusakabe M., Bishop J. K. B., Tang Y. (1994). 228Ra-derived nutrient budgets in the surface equatorial Pacific during the 1992 ENSO. EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 75, p. 82, San Diego.
12. Luo S., Ku T. L., Kusakabe M., Bishop J. K. B., Yang Y. L., Wang L., Li H. (1994). Biogeochemical cycling of particulate matter in the equatorial Pacific: Th-230 and Th-228 studies. EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 75, p. 83, San Diego.
13. Ku T. L., Wang L, Luo S., Southon J. R., Kusakabe M. (1994). 26Al and 10Be in the ocean. The 8th Intl. Conference on Geochronology, Cosmochronology and Isotope Geology, U. S. Geological Survey Circular 1107, ed. by M. A. Lanphere, G. B. Dalrymple, and B. D. Turrin, p. 182, Berkeley, California.
14. Luo S., Ku T. L.(1994). Global atmospheric CO2 uptake by the ocean: seasonal and geographical constraints. The 8th Intl. Conference on Geochronology, Cosmochronology and Isotope Geology, U. S. Geological Survey Circular 1107, ed. by M. A. Lanphere, G. B. Dalrymple, and B. D. Turrin, p. 199, Berkeley, California.
15. Luo S. Ku T. L. (1994). Th and Ra isotope data of the EqPac survey cruises. JGOFS EqPac science and data workshop at Scottsdale, Anizona, June, 1994.
16. Ku T. L., Luo S., Lowenstein T. K., Li J., Spencer R. J.) (1994). U-series chronology for lacustrine deposits of Death Valley, California: Implications for late Pleistocene climate changes. 1994 Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Seattle, vol. 26, p 169.
17. Lowenstein T. K., Li J., Brown C. B., Spencer R. J., Robert S. M., Yang W., Ku T. L., Luo S. (1994). Death Valley salt core: 200, 000 year record of closed-basin subenvironments and climates. 1994 Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Seattle, vol. 26, p 169.
18. Li J., Lowenstein T. K., Li J., Ku T. L., Luo S. (1994). Death Valley salt core: Holocene/late Pleistocene (0-60,000 yr B. P.) paleoenvironments and paleoclimates. 1994 Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Seattle, vol. 26, p 169.
19. Robert S. M., Spencer R. J., Yang W., Krouse H. R., Lowenstein T. K., Ku T. L., Luo S. (1994). Paleoclimate of Death Valley, California between 100 and 200 thousand years B. P. 1994 Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Seattle, vol. 26, p 170.
20. Ku T. L., Luo S., Wang L., Southon J. R. (1995). 10Be/9Be in Mediterranean sediments: a geochemical puzzle. EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 76, San Francisco.
21. Wang L., Ku T. L., Luo S., Southon J. R. (1995). 10Be/9Be as paleoceanographic proxy: Weakening of Atlantic Western Boundary Undercurrent during the LGM. EOS Trans. EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 76, San Francisco.
22. Luo S., Ku T. L. (1996). Downward transport of dissolved organic carbon in the equatorial Pacific: Constraints from 228Ra tracer. EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 76, San Diego.
23. Howe L. K., Lowenstein T. K., Ku T. L., Luo S. (1996). 150 ka paleoclimate history and chemical evolution of evaporites, Saline Valley, California. 1996 Geological Society of America Annual Meeting.
24. Luo S., Ku T. L. (1996). Ratio 231Pa/230Th as paleoproductivity proxy: Influence of particle compositions. EOS Trans. AGU 1996 Fall Meeting, San Francisco.
25. Southon J. R., Measures C. I., Ku T. L., Luo S., Xu X., Kusakabe M. (1996). The distributions of 10Be and 9Be in the South Atlantic. Fall AGU Meeting, Dec. 15-19, 1996, San Francisco, EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 77 p. F320.
26. Wang L., Ku T. L., Luo S., Southon J., W. Berelson (1996). 26Al and 10Be in Equatorial Pacific sediments. EOS Trans. AGU 1996 Fall Meeting, San Francisco.
27. Luo S., Ku T. L. (1997). Assessing Global Air-Sea CO2 flux from SST. International JGOFS Modeling Symposium, May 20-26, 1997, Oban Scotland, p B9.
28. Luo S., Ku T. L., Zhou Y. (1997). Radiochemical evidence for interannual and interdecadal redox cycles in Santa Barbara Basin off California during the last 250 years. Fall AGU Meeting, Dec. 8-12, 1997, San Francisco, EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 78 p. F40.
29. Ku T. L., Luo S. (1998) Productivity changes over glacial/interglacial cycles in the western Pacific: Eolian dust effect (1998). IXth Pacific Science Inter-Congress, November 15-19, Taipei, Taiwan, Abstracts Volume p. 113 (Invited presentation at Symposium S-I-3: Regional Oceanography in Western Pacific).
30. Luo S., Ku T. L., Roback R., Murrell M., McLing T. (1998). Uranium-series disequilibrium in groundwater: assessing radionuclide migration. The 9th International Conference on Geochronology, Cosmochronology, and Isotope Geology (ICOG-9), Beijing, China.
31. Luo S., Ku T. L., Roback R., Murrell M., McLing T. (1998). Assessing in-situ radionuclide transport based on uranium-series disequilibrium in groundwater. Fall AGU Meeting, Dec. 6-10, 1998, San Francisco, EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 79 p. F354.
32. Roback. R. C., Murrell M. T., Nunn, A., Luo S., Ku T. L., McLing T. (1998). Uranium and thorium series isotopes in fractured rocks at the INEEL. Fall AGU Meeting, Dec. 6-10, 1998, San Francisco, EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 79 p. F343.
33. Lowenstein T. K., Jordan T., Godfrey L., Li J., Ku T. L., Luo S., Hanna J. (1998). 80,000-year paleoclimate record from the arid Andes, Salar de Hombre Muerto, Argentina. Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Seattle, vol. 30, p 170.
34. Luo, S., Ku, T. L., Roback, R., Murrell, M., McLing, T. (1999). Decay-Series Disequilibrium Study of In-Situ, Long-Term Radionuclide Transport in Water-Rock Systems. Symposium of Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XXIII, p 734, Materials Research Society, Boston.
35. Luo S., Ku T. L. (2000). Biogeochemical cycling of 10Be in the ocean: a new constraint for deep-water ventilation during the last millennium. JGOFS Open Science Conference "Ocean Biogeochemistry: A New Paradigm" April 13-17, 2000, Bergen, Norway, Conference Programme, p. 80.
36. Luo, S., Ku, T. L., Roback, R., Murrell, M. (2000). Characterization of contaminant transport using naturally-occurring U-series disequilibria: In-situ radionuclide transport and preferential groundwater flows at INEEL (Idaho). Environmental Management Science Program National Workshop 2000, April 24-28, 2000, Atlanta, Georgia, Project Book (Addendum), p.5-6.
37. Ku T. L., Luo, S.(2001). U-series isochron dating of evaporitic deposits of lakes (invited). The Central Andes Workshop, Jan. 11-16, 2001, Tucson, Arizona.
38. Lowenstein T. K., Hein M. C., Bobst A. L., Jordan T. E., Godfrey L. V., Ku T. L., Luo S. (2001). A 106 ka paleoclimate record from the Salar de Atacama, Chile: Evidence for wet late glacial climates. (invited). The Central Andes Workshop, Jan. 11-16, 2001, Tucson, Arizona.
39. Ku T. L., Luo, S.(2001). Characterization of radionuclide transport at the Pena Blanca Natural Analog Site: uranium-series disequilibria studies. Natural Analogs Review Meeting, January 26, 2001 in Las Vegas, Nevada.
40. Luo S., Ku T. L. (2001). Deep-water ventilation constrained by oceanic distribution of 10Be. EOS Trans. AGU 82 (47), Fall Meeting Suppl. Abstract OS41-0447, p. F651.
41. Fritz S. C., Baker P. A., Lowenstein T. K., Seltzer G. O., Rigsby C. A., Ku T. L., Luo S. (2001). A 160,000-year record of tropical climate variability from Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia. EOS Trans. AGU 82 (47), Fall Meeting Suppl. Abstract PP22A-0509, p. F757.
42. Hotchkiss S., Vitousek P., Ku T. L., Luo S. (2002). Sphagnum palustre and stand-scale forest history in Hawaii, the 2002 Ecological Society of America Meeting.
43. Vitousek P., Hotchkiss S., Ku T. L., Luo S. (2002). Sphagnum palustre: a carbon and nutrient sink in Hawaii montane forest, the 2002 Ecological Society of America Meeting.
44. Peng J., Ku T. L., Luo S. (2002). Sediment Resuspension and Transport in San Diego Bay, California (abstract), in: Proceedings of the 2002 AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting, Honolulu, Hawaii.
45. Peng J., Ku T. L., Luo S. (2002). Particle scavenging and tidal exchange of Po-210 and Th-234 in a mesotidal embayment in Southern California, 2002 AGU Meeting, San Francisco, December 6-10, 2002.
46. Peng J., Luo S., Ku T. L., Zeng Y., (2002). Sediment processes and their effects on the fate of organic contaminants in San Diego Bay, California, submitted to the 2nd International Symposium on Contaminated Sediments: Characterization, Evaluation, Mitigation/Restoration, Management and Performance, to be held during May 26-28, 2003, Quebec, Canada.
47. Ku T. L., Luo S. (2004). Productivity Changes on Glacial-Interglacial Time Scale: Aeolian Dust Effect in the Western N. Pacific? 2004 Workshop of Ocean Reasearch, Taiwan.

OTHERS (REPORTS)\
1. Ku T.L., Luo S. (1993). Sampling and Analytic Schemes for U-, Th-series and Be Isotopes, In: U. S. JGOFS Equatorial Pacific Process Study: Sampling and Analytical Protocols, Sec. 15, S. Kadar, M. Leinen, and J. W. Murray (eds.), U.S. JGOFS, WHOI.
2. Roback R., Murrell M., Goldstein S. (Lab Investigators); Ku T. L., Luo S.(Campus Investigators) (1998). Characterization of Comtaminant Transport Using Naturally Occurring U-Series Disequilibria, In: EMSP Mid-Year Progress Report, U. S. DOE.
3. Ku T. L., Luo S. (2003). Thorium and Radium Isotope Concentrations Measured during the JGOFS Equatorial Pacific Process Study (EQPAC), In: http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GCMD_JGOFS_EQPAC_RADIOISOTOPES.html, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD), a directory of Earth Science Data and Service.
4. Murrell M., Roback R., Ku T. L., Luo S. (2004). Characterization of Comtaminant Transport Using Naturally Occurring U-Series Disequilibria, In: http://emsp.em.doe.gov/EMSPprojects1996_2003/completed/54741.pdf, EMSP Final Report, U.S. DOE